Discussion Questions only needs 2 paragraph per question

Discussion Question 5

Discussion: Norwegian Prison Experience (need information to complete discussion question 5 information is below)

In the 1980s, the United States began to adopt tougher drug laws resulting in more frequent and longer prison sentences. Implemented in the name of combating rising drug use and protecting traditional values, these laws have resulted in a staggering number of incarcerations for non-violent crimes, disproportionately affecting urban minorities and the poor. Consider these statistics:

-“The United States makes up about 5% of the world’s population and has 21% of the world’s prisoners” (NAACP, 2017)

 -“For every 100,000 Americans in each race or gender group, there are 478 white males, 3,023 black males, 51 white females, and 129 black females incarcerated in state or federal prison.” (Fellner, Parker, & McFarland, 2014)

– “Immigration offenses account for over 40 percent of all federal criminal prosecutions and almost 30 percent of new admissions to the federal prison system.” (Fellner, Parker, & McFarland, 2014).

For some time, opponents of “Get Tough” policies have argued that prisons were counterproductive and increased the likelihood of recidivism post-release. In fact, they have argued that the prison experience itself predisposes prisoners to greater levels of criminality through peer observation and learned behavior. 

On the other hand, those who have supported these get-tough policies have continued to argue that prison serves as the best deterrent to future criminal activity.

You may be most familiar with the U.S. corrections system if you live in the United States, but most countries have their own unique approach to incarceration. By conducting international comparisons, you can evaluate outcomes and learn or share best practices from different philosophies and approaches. In this week’s discussion, you will examine a correctional philosophy that is vastly different from that of the United States and consider how you might measure its outcomes in order to compare them to U.S. outcomes.

To prepare: 

• Review the video, Luxury Prison: Serving Time with Amenities in the Learning Resources. 
• Research has demonstrated that prison experiences impact post-release behavior and overall public safety. Consider what specific effects the Norwegian system might have when the offenders are released.

 Explain what effects the Norwegian prison experience might have on the community when offenders are released back into the community. If you wanted to test your hypothesis, how would you study and measure those effects?

Discussion Questions 7

 Discussion 1: Comparing Research Designs in a Venn Diagram

Research designs systematize the research process and give it direction. In other words, they provide structure to scientific work. There are many types of designs used in research, all with specific advantages and disadvantages, and research scenarios for which they are each more or less appropriate. The research design chosen depends on the aims of the study and the nature of the phenomenon. The design chosen, in turn, affects the results and how they may be interpreted.

For this Discussion, select two research designs to compare. Think about how they are similar and different and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Consider any differences that may occur if the designs were applied to the same research question.

By Day 3 of Week 7

Post a PowerPoint document with a comparison (similarities and differences) of the two research designs you selected using the Venn Diagram template provided in the Learning Resources. Describe the salient features, advantages, and disadvantages of each (at least 3 for each). Then state one potential research topic for which the research designs might be appropriate. Finally, in the Discussion area, explain how the approaches might affect the research outcomes. Be specific and support your response.

Discussion Question 8/1 Probability and Nonprobability Sampling

A sample is a finite part of a population whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole. When dealing with people, researchers define a sample as a set of respondents (people) selected from a larger population for the purpose of a survey. The difficulty in using sampling lies in planning: a sample’s generalizability must be evaluated and a sampling method must be chosen that will best suit the research needs in question.

 Sampling methods are divided into two broad categories: probability and nonprobability. The difference between probability and nonprobability sampling is the selection technique employed. Probability sampling includes any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method within probability sampling, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Nonprobability sampling, then, does not involve random selection, so researchers cannot know ahead of time the probability of an element being chosen. Though you might be tempted to conclude that nonprobability samples cannot be representative of a population, this is not necessarily the case. When designing a sample or evaluating research that has used sampling, it is important to know the strengths and weaknesses of different types of sampling methods. The more a researcher or consumer of research knows about sampling methods, the better chance he or she has of making smart research decisions.

For this Discussion, select one type of probability sampling and one type of nonprobability sampling and think of potential strengths and weaknesses of each. Then consider ethical considerations that might arise when selecting a sampling method and how you might address them.

By Day 3 of Week 8

Post a description of the types of probability and nonprobability sampling you selected. Then describe two strengths and two weaknesses of each type of sampling. Finally, identify two ethical considerations that may factor into selecting a sampling method and explain how you might address these considerations.

Discussion 11: Spark 2: Reflection

At various times the use of quantitative methods have been compared and contrasted against qualitative methods in regard to which one are superior.

By Day 3 of Week 11 (Criminal Justice Master Level/ Class Tittle is Criminal Justice Research 

 Post the topics that you enjoyed learning about in this class the most and why. How might you apply them to your professional career?

Assignment Content

1. Resource: Project Summary Report Grading Guide

   Write a 750 word paper in which you provide a full project summary.
   Include the following, modified based on instructor feedback, in your paper:

   • Project Proposal and Charter from Week 2
   • Project Requirements, Risk, and Cost from Week 3
   • Project WBS and Gantt Chart from Week 4
   • Method of measuring and reporting project progress and performance
   • Add a change management plan that:
   • Addresses circumstances the project might consider for change
   • Describes how changes to the project scope, timeline, and budget will be requested, reviewed, approved, reported, and communicated
   • Discusses how the change might facilitate the project’s success
   • Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

 Post updates about your companies. Have they launched a new product? Have they been involved in a scandal? Have they recently been fined for lack of compliance? Are their stocks fluctuating or holding steady? If nothing has changed, compare different aspects of the companies. Is one stronger or weaker in an area than the other? Is there something on which they could work together?

• Note: These are suggested topics; you may discuss any topic related to your companies.

At UC, it is a priority that students are provided with strong educational programs and courses that allow them to be servant-leaders in their disciplines and communities, linking research with practice and knowledge with ethical decision-making. This assignment is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and put into practice within their own career.

Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study. 

The dissemination of EBP results serves multiple important roles. Sharing results makes the case for your decisions. It also adds to the body of knowledge, which creates opportunities for future practitioners. By presenting results, you also become an advocate for EBP, creating a culture within your organization or beyond that informs, educates, and promotes the effective use of EBP. 

To Prepare:

• Review the final PowerPoint presentation you submitted in Module 5, and make any necessary changes based on the feedback you have received and on lessons you have learned throughout the course. 
• Consider the best method of disseminating the results of your presentation to an audience. 

To Complete:

Create a 5-minute, 5- to 6-slide narrated PowerPoint presentation of your Evidence-Based Project.

• Be sure to incorporate any feedback or changes from your presentation submission in Module 5.
• Explain how you would disseminate the results of your project to an audience. Provide a rationale for why you selected this dissemination strategy.

Following are three conceptual frameworks for the study of health policy and laws:

• Framework one consists of three broad topical domains—health care policy and law, bioethics, and public health policy and law.
• Framework two consists of three historically dominant perspectives—social, political, and economic perspectives.
• Framework three consists of key stakeholders in the process.

In this assignment, you will focus on the government’s health’s immunization laws that were passed to protect children from infectious diseases.

Using South University Online Library or the Internet, search articles on the frameworks of study of health policy and law in the areas of immunization of children.

On the basis of your research and your understanding, write a 3- to 4-page APA formatted essay in a Microsoft Word document. Your essay should cover all the three frameworks mentioned above. You need to pick one of the three stakeholders from both framework one and two. Use a minimum of five stakeholders for framework three.

You will be required to use a minimum of three scholarly sources that includes a title page and a separate reference page.

Submission Details:

• Support your responses with reasoning and examples.
• Cite any sources in APA format.

Virtually everything known about crime and criminal justice is generated from data analysis and research. Data analysis and research are used in law enforcement to determine the most effective strategies for combating crime, in the court system to examine the effects of sentencing, and in the correctional system to develop new ways to reduce recidivism. Regardless of the part of the criminal justice system in which you are currently involved or will become involved, you must understand and become familiar with the resources and strategies for this analysis to aid in planning and decision making.

The two main sources of crime and victimology data in the United States are the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) databases. For this Assessment, you will analyze the data and associated reports for crime trends. You will also examine the strengths and weaknesses of these data sources and consider conclusions based on the data within the context of data, research, and theory from other professional and scholarly resources.

The Assessment:

 (Complete using template/rubric provided.) please see attachment/template must be complete as well

 Examine the past 10 years of crime data in the UCR and the NCVS located in the Learning Resources. Identify three crime trends from the data (2–4 paragraphs). (please see attachment)

 Examine the past 10 years of crime data in the UCR and the NCVS located in the Learning Resources. Identify three crime trends from the data (2–4 paragraphs).

What criminological explanations for your identified crime trends can be derived from the UCR and/or NCVS databases? Describe at least two. Then provide an argument for other factors and variables (biological, social, structural, economic, etc.) that cause or influence your identified crime trends that are not present in the UCR/NCVS data. Reference theoretical and scholarly resources that support your criminological explanations (3–5 paragraphs).