Submit a meaningful reply of 400 – 450 words to the below post. Synthesize course material and
demonstrate critical thinking, graduate-level writing skills, and reflection.

Cite the textbooks and scholarly articles from professional accounting and business
journals.
Use you textbook (attached) and at least 3 journal articles as references
Include Biblical integration in response to each question posed and in the analysis of
each peers post demonstrate analysis, synthesis of all course materials, tact, and insight. 

Opinion is worth little unless it is supported by quotes and/or paraphrases from the textbooks and
professional journals. Adhere to current APA format in all posts.

Introduction

Each and every company that there is must sit down at one point and decide what is the best way that the company should go about their cost estimation and profit planning. Costing is defined as the process of accumulating, classifying, and assigning direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs to cost objects, which most commonly are products, services, or projects (Blocher, E. J., Stout, D., & Smith, S. 2021). There are two types of costing systems that companies tend to use, job costing and process costing. Depending on the functions of the company, it depends on what systems are best used.

Description of Each System

Job costing is a system that is used when companies need to be able to be more adaptable with their spending and need flexibility depending on what materials and labor that they need (Fayek, A. R. 2001). Process costing on the other hand is used when companies do not need to have adaptable processes and instead can use the same processes, supplies, and amount of labor every time in order to get their products financed and finished (Drury, C. 1992). The specifics from each costing system helps each company to decide what costing system is the right pick for them. Some of the characteristics of job costing include the fact that each factor of the process has a specific cost that has been adapted to best fit that certain project or contact (Blocher, E. J., Stout, D., & Smith, S. 2021). Process costing on the other hand is used when companies can mass produce their product because they are not selling several different services or contacts that need to be adapted. A couple of examples for companies that use a job costing system would be Cenvar Roofing, which is a local roofing company in Lynchburg, Virginia. Another company that uses this system would be Spectrum Cable. These companies have different packages and products one can purchase that are adapted based on the needs of the customer. Companies that use the process costing system would include Coca-cola or Little Debbie. Both of these companies use assembly line processes that are fixed in order to make and distribute their product. This leads to each product being a flat rate, such as a snake cake being one price and a bottle of coke being one price and the same everywhere you go, instead of it being customizable for the customer. 

Biblical Integration 

In terms of how the christian faith can be implemented into this discussion board, it can be tied into the biblical idea that seeking wisdom on how to design ones business is ultimately the best thing to do. In life, it is important to gain insight from others and prayerfully consider the paths that God wants each person to take in their own individual lives, including their businesses. James 1:5 says If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him. This is guidance that if one does not know what they are doing in business and is not sure what model they should choose for their business, they should seek out the guidance and then make their decision from there.

References:

Blocher, E. J., Stout, D., & Smith, S. (2021). Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis, (9th 

edition). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 9781307687811

Drury, C. (1992). Process costing. In Management and Cost Accounting (pp. 131-160). Springer, 

Boston, MA.

Fayek, A. R. (2001). Activity-based job costing for integrating estimating, scheduling, and cost 

control. Cost Engineering, 43(8), 23.

King James Bible. (2008). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1769)

Submit a meaningful reply of 400 – 450 words to the below post. Synthesize course material and  demonstrate critical thinking, graduate-level writing skills, and reflection.

Cite the textbooks and scholarly articles from professional accounting and business  journals.   Use you textbook (attached) and at least 3 journal articles as references Include Biblical integration in response to each question posed and in the analysis of  each peers post demonstrate analysis, synthesis of all course materials, tact, and insight. 

Opinion is worth little unless it is supported by quotes and/or paraphrases from the textbooks and  professional journals. Adhere to current APA format in all posts.

Abstract

         In the time that business has been around, so has the idea of cost and profit. According to research from Codjia (2017), cost pertains to money a business spends to acquire materials for resale or inclusion in its production cycle while profit equals total revenues minus accounting costs. Simply put, cost is what a business pays to work on a project while profit is the money they make minus expenses. The company selected for this research is Whole Foods. Whole Foods uses both cost estimation and profit planning to successfully execute its projects.

         Keywords: cost estimation, cost management, profit planning, strategy

Cost Estimation and Profit Planning: Whole Foods

         Cost estimation is a statement that gives the value of the cost. According to research from Blocher et. al. (2021), it is the development of a well-defined relationship between a cost object and its cost drivers. The purpose of the cost estimation is to predict cost. It helps predict future costs, identify key cost drivers, and is useful in planning and decision making. In research from Suwanjang and Prompoon (2012), cost estimation is one of the most challenging works to do because the information on cost is not known until the final stage of the project. However, the cost of a project needs to be estimated at the initial stage of the project to calculate a total amount that determines a project’s budget. Although cost estimation can be challenging, it is an essential part of the project that helps to manage all a project’s affiliated costs to keep the project on budget and deliver on time.

         Profit planning is the set of actions taken to achieve a targeted profit level. According to research from Blocher et. al. (2021), it is a method of analyzing how various operating and marketing decisions affect profit. It is based on an understanding of the relationship between variable costs, fixed costs, unit selling price, and output level. In research from Parajuli and Shrestha (2020), profit planning is an income calculation. It is a pre-determination of the expenditures of a project. It predicts how much revenue will be generated and how it should be spent to meet the criteria for investment and profit. Profit planning is looking at the potential return on the investment into the project.

         Cost estimation and profit planning are important aspects of managing resources that Whole Foods uses to successfully execute projects. According to research from Robertiello (2011), Whole Foods Market’s Midwest Region division uses a software recipe and inventory management control program. The purpose of the software is to value the costs related to its growing volume of food service and deli business. The software helps the division of the natural-food chain increase deli efficiency through margin controls and recipe information. It looks at the relationship between cost and cost drivers. The software helps in profit planning by calculating margin and food-cost information, leading deli officials to eliminate products when specific ingredients sometimes temporarily with fluctuating prices become too expensive. By looking at how operating and marketing decisions affect profit, Whole Foods is increasing profit by controlling margin and food cost.

         Cost estimation and profit planning are a technique to count the cost. In the scriptures, it talks about counting the cost as well. In Luke, it says, “For which of you, desiring to build a tower, does not first sit down and count the cost, whether he has enough to complete it? Otherwise, when he has laid a foundation and is not able to finish, all who see it begin to mock him, saying, ‘This man began to build and was not able to finish’ (Luke 14:29-30, ESV).” This scripture helps us to see that proper planning is important before we agree to a task or project. We need to analyze what is required and calculate the cost if we should accept or reject a task or project. For Christians, this is an important aspect of discipleship as we need to consider what it would cost and what is involved to become a disciple of Jesus. Business leaders would do well to incorporate counting the cost in business. Before investing time and resources into a project, a business should count the cost by estimating the cost and establishing a target profit.

References

Blocher, E., Juras, P., & Smith, S. (2021). Cost management: A strategic emphasis (9th ed.). McGraw Hill.

Codjia, M. (2017, November 21). Difference between accounting costs & accounting profit. Small Business – Chron.Com. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-accounting-costs-accounting-profit-26278.html

Parajuli, D., & Shrestha, P. (2020). Strategic profit planning and organizational performance in public sector commercial banks of Nepal. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 11(22). https://doi.org/10.7176/rjfa/11-22-01

Robertiello, J. (2011, December 31). Whole Foods cooks up cost management for deli with software. Supermarket News. https://www.supermarketnews.com/archive/whole-foods-cooks-cost-management-deli-software

Suwanjang, H., & Prompoon, N. (2012). Framework for developing a software cost estimation model for software modification based on a relational matrix of project profile and software cost using an analogy estimation method. International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, 129134. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijcce.2012.v1.36

You are a team leader for the Grantham Inc., a consulting firm for security solutions.  Your team is working on a project that involves a governmental project at a nuclear power plant.  The information is extremely sensitive, and involves following many regulations.  This is giving your team a negative disposition. You found out that John is not paying attention to the details of the regulations like he should.  Ebony is an environmentalist and is against working on the contract, but has been assigned the project so the team has a representative that is worried about the environment.  Finally, Ibrahim has been very vocal about his opinions of the federal regulations.  Your report is due in a week.  Using some of the methods learned so far in the class, and some discussed in this weeks lesson, how would you compare and contrast personal and business ethics in this case to get the job done correctly and on time?  Be sure and articulate ethical issues in societal and global contexts

For your submission, you will need to provide your own thoughts on the assignment, but in third person. Apa format

1. Write a one-to-two-page paper (not including title page or references, submit as a Word document).  Use Times New Roman or Calibri, font size 12, one-inch margins, double-spaced.  Dont forget to cite inside the paper.  Be sure to include references at the end.

On an APA formatted paper that demonstrates your understanding of the hypothesis test. Think of an organization (real or fictitious), state an organizational problem (develop a problem statement), as a result of the problem statement state three research questions, develop real or fictitious data, and then demonstrate three hypothesis test. State your conclusion for each hypothesis and one general overall conclusion for the paper. At least one textbook, journal, or article as a Reference. About 5 – 6 pages. 

4. According to the text, the focus of Title VII was blacks. The amended Title VII bans racial discrimination in employment matters and racial harassment and provides some sources of assistance to those who are targeted. (Bell (2017). There is a great deal of prejudice, stereotypes, and state-sponsored discrimination against African Americans, with those with darker skin faring worse than those with lighter skins, or when their names sound black. (Bell (2017). In addition, civil rights activists, researchers, and concerned government officials have been concerned about racial profiling by law enforcement.

5. Based on diverse backgrounds, workplace discrimination, and harassment are common. There is evidence that Hispanics are discriminated against regarding access and treatment. In a study, whites and Hispanics participated in a test. Their educational background and experience were the same. The company told applicants that they would not be interviewed if their names sounded Hispanic. As a result, white people were offered the position with less training and experience. (Bell (2017).

6. Among the ten largest ethnic groups in the United States, Asians and Latinos have the fastest growth rates. This is largely due to immigration from Asia. Many come as workers. The state of California has around 6 million Asians living there. (Bell (2017)

7. U.S. non-Hispanic Whites make up 63% of the population. Organizations have become more interested in diversity since the U.S. population has become more diverse. A low rate of participation in the workforce is observed among non-Hispanic whites. Researchers found that white individuals identified themselves as such. Minorities are being compared to white since white is considered the norm. Study findings indicate that minorities have lower-incomes, promotions, evaluations of their performance, opportunities, and work-related attributes than whites. (Bell (2017).

Ted Talk question: With the TedTalk, the speaker basically explains that you can learn how to understand and address racism in America. It is not just about blacks. We learn acceptance and how to put it into practice. We learn how to be inclusive of all people.

References:

Bell, (2017). Diversity in Organization (3rd ed.) Cengage.

Write 200 words of reflection on this work?

I 100% agree there is still discrimination against blacks to this day. The only way discrimination could truly be eliminated is through moral action. There is a difference between not doing something because I am told versus being willing to choose not to because I know it is wrong. 

Access and treatment inequities still occur in the workplace towards Hispanics of their education, language fluency, and appearance (Bell, pg. 162). Many times Hispanics get turned down because of stereotypical thinking that has been passed down for generations. Things like Hispanics only want to receive government assistance and not work or that they are all criminals is what some people to this day believe. More often than not, Hispanics are willing to work anywhere in any position regardless of the pay to provide for their household.

Chapter 6 explained that Asians are one of the fastest-growing minority groups in the United States because of their birth and immigration rates (Bell, pg. 195). Which is like my Latino community. In many ways, Asians and Hispanics are alike for instance, the importance of family and traditions. There is a tendency of creating a big family to continue the family bloodline and for one day their children to grow up and take care of the elderly in the family because it is their responsibility and duty.

As time passed, the term white would refer to people that originate from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa (Bell, pg. 239). I believe the growth of non-Hispanic Whites is declining due to two things, more diverse categories that one might identify as and lack of knowledge. Before that, there was not many categories one could check off that they identified as however, now there are. This might have an economic impact because there is still racial bias in the world, whether we choose to see it or turn a blind eye.

Lastly, as I watched this weeks TED talk the speaker pointed out the need for racial diversity to be applied in every single corporate and higher-up position to promote diversity and shut down ignorant beliefs that have been passed down. She explained that society needs to start being comfortable with having uncomfortable conversations about race. I think everyone has become too sensitive. Everyone is scared to speak up but when they do, it is for the wrong things.

Reference 

Reference: Bell, M. (2017). Diversity in Organizations 3rd ed. Cengage.

Hobson, M. (n.d.). Color blind or color brave? Mellody Hobson: Color blind or color brave? | TED Talk.

Write 200 words of reflection on this work?

Surgery for Herniated Disc

Patient Profile

J.A., a 68-year-old female with a herniated lumbar disc at L4, is scheduled to have an L4 lumbar laminectomy using a posterior approach. She has a history of low back pain, osteoarthritis in the left hip, and hypertension. She is taking the following medications:

• Metoprolol (Lopressor) 50 mg PO BID; last dose last night
• Ibuprofen (Motrin) 600 mg TID; last dose yesterday morning
• Garlic supplement daily; last dose yesterday morning

Subjective Data

• Has low back pain that radiates down her right leg
• Has pain in left hip which worsens with activity
• Has not had anything to eat or drink since midnight last night
• Smokes one-half pack of cigarettes per day for past 47 years
• States that she is allergic to sulfa and latex

Objective Data

Physical Examination

• Blood pressure 140/82, pulse 84, temperature 98.6 F, respirations 20
•  Height 5 5, weight 195 lbs, BMI 32.4 kg/m2

Diagnostic Studies

• ECG normal sinus rhythm
• Lab values
  • Sodium               139.0 mEq/L
  • Potassium           3.4 mEq/L
  • HCO3                25.4 mEq/L
  • Chloride             99.5 mEq/L
  • BUN                  10 mg/dL
  • Creatinine           1.1 mg/dL
  • WBC                 7,000/L
  • RBC                  4.3 million/L
  • Hematocrit         36%
  • Hemoglobin        12 g/dL
  • Platelets              164,000/L
  • Glucose              98 mg/dL

Discussion Questions

1. After reviewing J.A.s chart with the above data, what information should the perioperative/circulating nurse make the operating room staff, surgeon, and anesthesia care provider aware of?

2. What position should J.A. be positioned in on the operating room table and what should be considered when positioning her for the surgical procedure?

3. Just prior to bringing J.A.to the operating room, the surgeon comes to talk to her and marks the surgical site. You then put a hair-cover over J.A.’s hair, similar to that worn by the rest of the operating room staff and hang the ordered preoperative IV antibiotic. What is the purpose of the surgeon marking the operative site, the hair cover, and the administration of the antibiotic on the way to the operating room?

4. What is involved in a surgical time-out?

5. What is the circulating nurses role in the operating room?

6. Describe a plan for J.A.s anesthesia during surgery.

Module 3: Process Flow Diagram

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This discussion is designed to give you practice creating a process flowchart and also to get you started thinking about  a possible process to use for the group capstone process analysis project.

For this discussion, you need to create  a  process flowchart of a specific company’s service or manufacturing process that you might consider using for your group process analysis project.  In addition to including the required tasks to complete the process, your flow diagram must use the proper formatting (i.e. correct shapes) of a flow diagram, and include at least one “decision point”, along with the subsequent tasks based on the results of this “decision”. 

What you submit must be different than any other posts to receive credit.  It is designed to be your own work, based on your own experience of a particular company process, and not taken from a pre-made flow-chart that you found on the internet or other source.  You encounter processes everyday so you have numerous options to use for this assignment.    Note: This version of the flowchart does not need to be detailed at this point. I want you to start thinking about a possible process for the capstone process analysis project and this will help you decide on a good process to use for the project.  Good options include:

1) a process that is easily observable,

2) you have access to management to gain more detailed information,  (not as important for this discussion, but something to consider for the project)

3) the process has flaws/ inefficiencies from a customer or employee point of view (not as important for this discussion, but something to consider for the project). 

I have attached the examples. I want it to be something like that. 

I need One page writing on below topic. Half page paragraph on “Duty of Due Care” and Half page paragaraph on “Duty of disclosure”

The case study pdf is attached in the file.

In 2007, the Lehman Brothers board supported managements decision to take on increasing levels of risk. Did the Lehman Brothers Board of Directors fulfill their fiduciary obligations and responsibilities?

Please answer with reference to the specific Fiduciary Duties assigned to your team:

1) Duty of Due Care  

2) Duty of Disclosure